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It sometimes will require in excess of one hour for a smoldering fire to create life threatening levels of carbon monoxide and the other toxic discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount gases. Thus, a photoelectric smoke detector will normally provide a warning of a smoldering fire with ample time to exit a home safely. That leaves the fire that initiates as a flaming fire to be concerned with. The question is; what is the best and most reliable detector to warn of the flaming fire. This is extremely important because a flaming fire can grow so fast that it can block exits paths in less than five minutes and kill soon thereafter. THE EARLY FLAMING FIRE MAY NOT TRIP SMOKE DETECTORS An early and clean burning fire in a home often produces little or no visible smoke until the fresh air (oxygen) becomes insufficient for the discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount rate. Thereafter, insufficient discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount and thick smoke is produced. This will delay the sounding of the PE detector as it will not sound until visible (real) smoke, at the needed obscuration level, enters the detection chamber. Precious time may be lost and the exit ways may become impassible before everyone exits the home. When the ionization device is close to the fire and is relatively new, it is likely to be slightly faster to sound a warning than the heat detector. But not by much unless the fire is very slow to grow which sometimes occurs, especially when the testing is being deliberately structured to create a time difference. Consider this; normally a flaming fire will create temperatures at the ceiling in the 1200 to 1800 degree F. range. The heat detector usually is set to sound at 117 degrees F., which is far below the life threatening level. So, when heat detectors are in every room an early and reliable warning of a flaming fire is assured. In contrast, when the ionization device is not close to the initial fire (as is common) the hot gases rise to a cool ceiling and spread in all directions with only a portion heading in the direction of the remote smoke detector. The (initially) slow moving discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount products lose heat rapidly on the way to the ionization device and the near atomic sized particles agglomerate (bind together) to become too few and too large to be able to make the ionization device sound. When the flaming fire becomes large enough and the ceiling is heated and the speed of the discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount products is fast enough, finally the ionization device will sound (hopefully). This delay in the sounding of the detector that is remote from the fire is why the device is finally sounding when the firefighters arrive, but the occupants are still inside with the exit paths blocked. OTHER LIMITATIONS OF SMOKE DETECTORS There is another factor that is not included during decision time relative the type of fire detector that will reliably warn of the flaming (rapidly dangerous) fire. It is the short reliable life of both “smoke” detector types. Both the ion device and the PE smoke detector are subject to sensitivity variances with time. This is especially of concern in areas where the interior is subject to deposits of foreign material such as grease in a kitchen. Also, both detector types are easily damaged by heat. I have a copy of tests where Christmas tree fires disabled the ionization device so quickly that no satisfactory warning sounded. The kitchen is the room in the home where the greatest number of fires occurs and it is the room where usually no detector is installed. The heat detector has an extremely long life with no significant variation in operating speed. THE SMOKE DETECTOR MANUFACTURERS’ PERFORMANCE CLAIMS During the 1960s and into the 1970s the manufacturers of the ionization type so called “smoke” detector oriented their advertising and marketing strategy to gain sole control of the home market for detectors. So, among other clever plans, they created the attached “fire curve” that presumably proved that only the ionization device was able to reliably detect the “four stages” of fire so defined. The stages were: Incipient, Smoke, Visible flame and High Heat. According to the manufacturers only the ionization device would warn before smoke or heat appeared. Thus, the ionization device (supposedly) would warn before the PE detector would. As for the heat detector, according to the fire curve, it would warn only after the fire was a virtual holocaust. Thus, presumably everybody is already dead when the heat detector sounds. What is the truth? The truth is no detector sounds during Stage 1. And, it is only the PE detector that will warn during stage 2. The Stage 3 fire is when both the ionization device finally sounds and it is during this stage that the heat detector also sounds. Note how deceitful the advertising was. And here is the most frightening thing about this deception. The testing at UL had proven that the performance claims of the smoke detector manufacturers were false. Yet, UL allowed the UL Label to be affixed to help the sales while concealing from the public the true performance of the ion device. THE FAST FIRE IS THE MOST FREQUENT KILLER The fast flaming fire causes the great bulk of the fire deaths. As every firefighter knows, it is rare that a dead body is carried out of a home when there has not been a major flaming fire including very significant heat damage. The smoldering fire rarely causes deaths during the daytime because considerable smoke and odors develop long before a smoldering fire creates sufficient toxic gases to impair the occupants. Usually only at night, when all are asleep and the senses are turned off, will the smoldering fire become a serious threat. Despite claims to the contrary, more fire deaths occur during the daylight hours than the sleeping hours. These daytime fire deaths are very predominately flaming fires because, when awake, there is a very abundant awareness of the slow smoky fire. PERFORMANCE RECORD FOR SPRINKLERS The most complete record keeping of the performance of the fire sprinkler system was conducted in Australia and New Zealand. In these two countries the code required that all sprinkler systems be connected to a central station or direct to the nearby fire department. Hence, every operation of a sprinkler system resulted in a report being made. Over a one hundred year period the record of sprinkler performance revealed that the system controlled the fire 99.5 percent of the time and over that 100 year period only 11 fire deaths occurred in sprinklered buildings. That was a little more than one fire death every ten years in sprinklered buildings. What few people in the fire field realize today is that the sprinkler was considered a “property protection” system until at least the 1960s and the lag time of the industrial sprinkler was deliberately set high to avoid water damage. So, an extremely slow to operate sprinkler was able to virtually eliminate fire deaths in buildings. And, here’s the shocker, this all took place before smoke detectors were installed in buildings. THE FAST SPRINKLERS The “fast heads” were developed only after the residential sprinkler code was created. After Viking developed its “fast head” it advertised in the NFPA Fire Journal that the sensitivity of its fast head was “6 times greater than the standard sprinklers” Grinnell claimed ten times. The reality is that new residential sprinklers are now super fast compared to the old. And, because no water flows when a fusible type heat detector (not part of a sprinkler) is installed in a home it can be even faster than the fast head. EXTREMELY FAST HEAT DETECTORS The manufacturers of the heat detectors took it another step in the right direction with their detectors set to fuse at 117 degrees F. When one considers that a deadly fire in a home is in the 1200 to 2000 degree range, obviously a temperature of 117 degrees is very early in a fire’s development. If you get a warning of a fire with a ceiling temperature of only 117 degrees consider yourself extremely fortunate. You can be out of your home and standing on your front lawn watching the smoke rise when the firefighters arrive. That is the very best place to be. BETTER SOLUTIONS DESPARATELY NEEDED When only fire deaths that are due to building fires (outdoor fires including automobile fires excluded) the home fire represents close to 95 percent of all fire deaths. Today, with only ionization type detectors in nearly all homes, about a half million reportable house fires occur with roughly 4000 fire deaths and 20,000 fire injuries each year. Is that “good enough”? I don’t thinks so, especially since better solutions are available. As the fire authorities are searching for the right combination of detectors in the home today, due to false performance claims in the past, they should realize that the NFPA, UL and the smoke detector manufacturers gave them far from satisfactory “fire solutions” many years ago. Thousands of lives were lost as a result. In 1976 I issued my first report warning of excessive reliance on the ionization device. Finally my warnings are being confirmed by others. Hopefully, the authorities will seek more reliable protection equipment for the home in the future. RECOMMENDED PROTECTION There is one excellent arrangement of fire detectors that will provide the home with the very best defense short of a built in sprinkler system. That arrangement will include the following: 1. A heat detector in every room of the home because every room has the potential of a quick killing flaming fire. 2. A true smoke detector (PE) in all rooms where a serious smoldering fire is a concern. This includes rooms where bedding and upholstered furniture are present. 3. A PE smoke detector at bed height at least within the Master Bedroom. A smoldering fire will frequently produce cold smoke that has no buoyancy. It may stratify at the lower level of a room for as much as a half hour or so until the smoke finally rises to the ceiling. WEB SITES: www.Firecrusade.com? www.WorldFireSafetyFoundation.org? www.StopTheChildrenBurning.com? www.TheCanReport.org? RICHARD M. PATTON, FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEER AUTHOR, THE AMERICAN HOME IS A FIRE TRAP President of: THE CRUSADE AGAINST FIRE DEATHS, INC. POST OFFICE BOX 196 • CITRUS HEIGHTS, CA 95611 • PHONE 916 721 7700 ... discount medication order phentermine reorderdiscount